Diseases are among the most significant limiting factors for livestock production. Their impact can vary from reduced productivity and restricted market access to the elimination of entire flocks or herds, with the resultant loss of biodiversity and valuable genetic resources. Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an eminent transboundary animal disease (TAD), severely affecting the production of livestock and disrupting regional and international trade in animals and animal products. In developing countries the adverse effects of FMD are often underestimated. The disease undermines food security and economic development, both at the level of village smallholders and the more organised production chains supplying urban and export markets. In some regions, in particular is southern Africa, the impact of FMD control measures on wildlife conservation has become an important consideration.

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